Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV)

VADS CORNER — Coronavirus · SARS-CoV · Outbreak 2003
Online since 18 March 2003 · Comprehensively revised 9 September 2026

This page covers the SARS outbreak of 2003, caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV), first identified in late 2002 in Guangdong Province, China, and subsequently spreading to Canada, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, Vietnam, and other countries. The page was first posted on 18 March 2003 and updated through July 2025. Initial reports in early 2003 suggested a possible paramyxovirus origin; this was subsequently confirmed to be incorrect — SARS-CoV is a coronavirus.

For COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), see the dedicated COVID-19 page. For Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), see CDC: MERS.

About this revision. This page was first posted in March 2003 and updated through July 2025. Most of the original links pointed to WHO and government SARS situation-update URLs from the outbreak period (March–June 2003). Dead links of historical interest are retained, clearly labelled, and grouped into archive blocks. CDC SARS pages have migrated to archive.cdc.gov; all sub-page links updated accordingly. Nothing has been deleted. The page as it stood before this revision is preserved at oldsarspage.html.

NEW added or confirmed in this revision FIXED URL corrected or source replaced ARCHIVE link dead, retained for the record VERIFY could not be confirmed — check before relying on it

Resource sites

World Health Organization (WHO)
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) — WHO FIXED
- WHO: Case definitions for surveillance of SARS
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) — CDC Archive FIXED (archived for historical purposes)
- Frequently Asked Questions FIXED
- Fact Sheet: Basic Information about SARS — CDC Stacks FIXED
ProMED-mail — search SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome, coronavirus. A program of the Federation of American Scientists.
Cybermed Archive (Berita MMA) — Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

Case definition — WHO

The suspect and probable case definitions below were published by WHO on 30 April 2003 (revised 1 May 2003) and remain the current WHO clinical/epidemiological surveillance definitions. They have not been superseded. WHO subsequently published updated surveillance guidelines in October 2004 (WHO/CDS/CSR/ARO/2004.1) which added a confirmed case category based on laboratory criteria, and a phased surveillance framework for the post-outbreak period. Both documents are linked at the foot of this box.

Suspect case

A person presenting after 1 November 2002¹ with history of:

High fever (>38°C) AND cough or breathing difficulty
AND one or more of the following exposures in the 10 days before symptom onset:
- Close contact² with a person who is a suspect or probable case of SARS
- History of travel to an area with recent local transmission of SARS
- Residing in an area with recent local transmission of SARS

Also: a person with an unexplained acute respiratory illness resulting in death after 1 November 2002, on whom no autopsy has been performed, with one or more of the above exposures.

Probable case

A suspect case with radiographic evidence of infiltrates consistent with pneumonia or respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) on chest X-ray.
A suspect case positive for SARS-CoV by one or more assays.
A suspect case with autopsy findings consistent with the pathology of RDS without an identifiable cause.

Confirmed case — added October 2004

The October 2004 WHO surveillance guidelines introduced a confirmed case category, defined as a person in whom SARS-CoV infection is confirmed by laboratory testing meeting quality assurance criteria. This category recognises that laboratory diagnostics (PCR, serology, virus isolation) had matured sufficiently by late 2004 to support a laboratory-confirmed classification alongside the clinical/epidemiological suspect and probable categories.

Exclusion

A case should be excluded if an alternative diagnosis can fully explain the illness. A suspect case who dies, on whom no autopsy is conducted, should remain classified as “suspect” unless identified as part of a chain of SARS transmission, in which case it should be reclassified as “probable”.

¹ The surveillance period begins 1 November 2002 to capture cases of atypical pneumonia in China now recognised as SARS. International transmission was first reported in March 2003 for cases with onset in February 2003.
² Close contact: having cared for, lived with, or had direct contact with respiratory secretions or body fluids of a suspect or probable case of SARS.

Sources:
Case definitions for surveillance of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) — WHO, 30 April 2003 (revised 1 May 2003). Suspect and probable categories.
WHO Guidelines for the Global Surveillance of SARS: updated recommendations, October 2004 (WHO/CDS/CSR/ARO/2004.1). Confirmed case category and phased surveillance framework. Replaces the August 2003 interim document.

WHO — situation updates 2003

WHO SARS situation updates are now accessible through the WHO Disease Outbreak News archive. All links below confirmed live at who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news.

Update 62 — More than 8,000 cases reported globally; situation in Taiwan — 22 May 2003 FIXED
Guidance for mass gatherings; new WHO guidelines on blood safety; situation in China — 15 May 2003 FIXED
Update 46 — WHO sends team to Taiwan; situation in China — 3 May 2003 FIXED
Update 42 — WHO lifts travel advice for Toronto; situation in China — 29 April 2003 FIXED
Update 40 — Situation in Shanghai, Hong Kong and Viet Nam — 26 April 2003 FIXED
WHO biosafety guidelines for handling of SARS specimens — 25 April 2003 FIXED
Update 37 — WHO extends travel advice to Beijing, Shanxi Province, and Toronto — 23 April 2003 FIXED
Update 31 — Coronavirus never before seen in humans is the cause of SARS — 16 April 2003 FIXED
Update 25 — Interim report of WHO team in China; status of SARS outbreaks in individual countries — 9 April 2003 FIXED — The New York Times published a graphic on the international spread of SARS on 1 April 2003, linked from this update: How Doctors Spread the Disease (NYT, 1 April 2003)
WHO Global Conference on SARS — SARS: Where Do We Go From Here? — Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 17–18 June 2003 FIXED (attended by over 900 experts from 43 countries; a single conference, not two separate meetings as listed in the original page)

CDC guidance documents

The CDC SARS website is preserved at archive.cdc.gov for historical purposes; it is no longer maintained or updated.

Clinical Guidance on the Identification and Evaluation of Possible SARS-CoV Disease — Version 2, January 2004 FIXED
In the Absence of SARS-CoV Transmission Worldwide: Guidance for Surveillance — Version 2, January 2004 FIXED
Information for Clinicians and Healthcare Settings FIXED
Infection Control — Healthcare Facilities FIXED
Laboratory Testing and Specimens FIXED
Guidance for Travel FIXED
Respiratory Protection FIXED
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) — CDC NEW

Coronaviridae — background

Transmission electron micrograph of a SARS-CoV coronavirus particle, showing spheroid shape with large knobby surface projections (spikes) imparting the corona appearance. CDC PHIL ID 3467. — Transmission electron micrograph of a SARS-CoV coronavirus particle showing the characteristic surface spike projections that give the coronavirus its name. Credit: CDC/C.D. Humphrey; T.G. Ksiazek, 2003. Public domain — CDC PHIL ID 3467.

Coronaviridae — ViralZone (ExPASy) FIXED (replaces dead NIH ICTVdB, Stanford and other early links)
ICTV: International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
Coronavirus — WebMD
Coronavirus Infections — MedlinePlus
Updates on the respiratory illness that has infected thousands of people — Nature (COVID-19 context; Coronaviridae background)

Rad’s Coronavirus Page — Stanford Human Virology FIXED (undergraduate virology project; Aaron & Jenny Mansfield, Stanford 2000)
Michelle Hsiang’s Coronaviridae Webpage — Stanford Human Virology FIXED (1999 undergraduate virology project; addendum to Rad’s page)
Coronaviridae — ICTV (International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses) FIXED (replaces the defunct NIH ICTVdB at ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb; current authoritative taxonomy)

Dead Coronaviridae links — retained for the record

Coronaviruses (Veterinary Virology) — SuperCourse (pitt.edu) ARCHIVE
Generalised coronavirus / SARS virus (rkm.com.au) ARCHIVE

Medical publications — journal articles

The Lancet — key 2003 papers

Prospective study of the clinical progression and viral load of SARS-associated coronavirus pneumonia in a community outbreak; JSM Peiris, CM Chu, VCC Cheng et al.; HKU/UCH SARS Study Group. Lancet 361(9369), 10 May 2003
Epidemiological determinants of spread of causal agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong; CA Donnelly, AC Ghani, GM Leung et al. Lancet 361(9369), 10 May 2003
Comparative full-length genome sequence analysis of 14 SARS coronavirus isolates and common mutations associated with putative origins of infection; YJ Ruan, CL Wei, LE Ai et al. Lancet 361(9369), 10 May 2003
Development of a standard treatment protocol for severe acute respiratory syndrome; LK-Y So, ACW Lau, LYC Yam et al. Lancet 361(9369), 10 May 2003
Effectiveness of precautions against droplets and contact in prevention of nosocomial transmission of SARS; WH Seto, D Tsang, RWH Yung et al. Lancet 361(9368), 3 May 2003
Will SARS hurt the world’s poor? Editorial. Lancet 361(9368), 3 May 2003
Aminopeptidase N inhibitors and SARS; DP Kontoyiannis, R Pasqualini, W Arap. Lancet 361(9368), 3 May 2003
Clinical presentations and outcome of severe acute respiratory syndrome in children; KLE Hon, CW Leung, WTF Cheng et al. Lancet 361(9367), 26 April 2003
Haemorrhagic-fever-like changes and normal chest radiograph in a doctor with SARS. Lancet 2003; 361:1520–21
Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome; JSM Peiris, ST Lai, LLM Poon, Y Guan et al. Early Release, 5 April 2003
Novel coronavirus and severe acute respiratory syndrome; AR Falsey, EE Walsh. Early Release, 5 April 2003
Guideline on management of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS); W Ho. Early Release, 5 April 2003

New England Journal of Medicine

A Novel Coronavirus Associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; TG Ksiazek, D Erdman, C Goldsmith, SR Zaki et al.; SARS Working Group. 10 April 2003
Identification of a Novel Coronavirus in Patients with SARS; C Drosten, S Günther, W Preiser et al. 10 April 2003
A Major Outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Hong Kong; N Lee and others. Early Release, 7 April 2003
Faster… but Fast Enough? Responding to the Epidemic of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; Gerberding. Early Release, 2 April 2003
A Cluster of Cases of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Hong Kong. Early Release, 31 March 2003
Identification of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Canada. Early Release, 31 March 2003
Case Clusters of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. Editorial. Early Release, 31 March 2003

British Medical Journal

Severe acute respiratory syndrome revisited. Maria Zambon. BMJ 2003; 326:831–832 (19 April 2003). Editorial. FIXED (not indexed on PubMed; direct BMJ DOI link)
Outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: case report. Moira Chan-Yeung and WC Yu. BMJ 2003; 326:850–852, 19 April 2003. FIXED
Pneumonia causes panic in Guangdong province; L Rosling, M Rosling, Guangzhou. BMJ 2003; 326:416, 22 February 2003

MMWR — Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

MMWR — search for SARS-related articles

MMWR 2003 SARS updates FIXED

Original cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ URLs confirmed live.

MMWR Update: SARS — U.S., June 11, 2003 — 52(23)
Update: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome — United States, May 21, 2003 — 52(20):466–468
Update: SARS — U.S., 2003 — 52(18):411–413, 9 May 2003
Update: SARS — Singapore, 2003 — 52(18):405–411, 9 May 2003
Update: SARS — U.S., 2003 — 52(17):388–390, 2 May 2003
Update: SARS — U.S., 2003 — 52(16):357–360, 25 April 2003
Update: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome — United States, 2003 — 52(15):332–336, 18 April 2003
SARS & Coronavirus Testing — U.S., 2003 — 52(14):297–302, 11 April 2003
Outbreak of SARS — Worldwide, 2003 — 52(13):269–272, 4 April 2003
Update: Outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome — Worldwide, 2003 — 52(12), 28 March 2003
Outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome — Worldwide, 2003 — 52(11), 21 March 2003

Reference texts

SARS Reference — Bernd Sebastian Kamps and Christian Hoffmann FIXED
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome — Merck Manual (Home) FIXED

PubMed searches

Search PubMed: SARS-CoV NEW
Search PubMed: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome FIXED
Search PubMed: Coronaviruses FIXED
Search PubMed: 2019-nCoV FIXED

MEDLINE abstracts — core cluster papers

A Cluster of Cases of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Hong Kong. N Engl J Med. 2003 Apr 1 [epub]. Tsang KW, Ho PL, Ooi GC, Yee WK, Wang T et al. [PubMed]
Identification of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Canada. N Engl J Med. 2003 Mar 31 [epub]. Poutanen SM, Low DE, Henry B et al. [PubMed]
Case Clusters of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003 Apr 1 [epub]. Drazen JM. [PubMed]
Pneumonia causes panic in Guangdong province. BMJ. 2003 Feb 22;326(7386):416. Rosling L, Rosling M. [PubMed]

Respiratory protection

Chest roentgenogram showing diffuse bilateral infiltrates typical of ARDS. Source: The Internet Journal of Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine. — The chest roentgenogram in SARS typically shows diffuse bilateral infiltrates consistent with ARDS. (Source: *The Internet Journal of Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine*)

Country coverage — 2003 outbreak

Where the original government URL still exists, it is linked directly. Where it has been restructured, the current equivalent is given. Where neither exists, the entry is in the archive block below.

Hong Kong

Department of Health — Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region FIXED
Hong Kong Hospital Authority FIXED
Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) FIXED (SARS Campus Task Force page no longer exists separately)
SARS Outbreak in 2003 — Hong Kong Government FIXED (archive hub with figures, bulletins and links)
SARS Bulletins — Health, Welfare & Food Bureau (daily, April–June 2003) FIXED

Selected bulletins with direct links:

Hong Kong 2003 situation reports — earlier series (March–April), archived

The daily situation reports from the HKSAR Department of Health from March and early April 2003 (the info.gov.hk/dh/new/bulletin/ series) are no longer accessible. The headlines below are retained from the original page for the record. From 17 April onwards, bulletins are available via the SARS Bulletin index above.

Situation report on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome — 13 May 2003 ARCHIVE (13 May bulletin listed in index but PDF link missing)
Situation report on atypical pneumonia — 19 April 2003 ARCHIVE
Situation report on atypical pneumonia — 14 April 2003 ARCHIVE
Situation report on atypical pneumonia — 7 April 2003 ARCHIVE
Health Surveillance for airline passengers — 25 March 2003 ARCHIVE
Source of pneumonia cases found — 19 March 2003 ARCHIVE
RTHK: Atypical Pneumonia (SARS) (Mandarin) ARCHIVE
South China Morning Post ARCHIVE (subscriber paywall)

China

National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China FIXED (replaces moh.gov.cn, which has been restructured)

China 2003 coverage — archived

The Beijing Municipal Government's 2003 English SARS section (beijing.gov.cn/english/englishsars/) and People's Daily's 2003 SARS special (english.peopledaily.com.cn/zhuanti/Zhuanti_335.shtml) are both dead with no live equivalents. The current NHC and Beijing government English portals do not preserve 2003 content. A third-party data archive of Chinese official SARS figures is available at sars2003.com — content verified, provenance unattributed.

Beijing Municipal Government SARS Updates (beijing.gov.cn/english/englishsars) ARCHIVE
People’s Daily SARS coverage (english.peopledaily.com.cn/zhuanti) ARCHIVE

Singapore

Ministry of Health, Singapore FIXED
Tan Tock Seng Hospital FIXED

Singapore MOH 2003 SARS press releases FIXED

The original series (app.moh.gov.sg) has been fully migrated to moh.gov.sg/newsroom/. Selected releases covering the outbreak from first detection through containment:

Update on Atypical Pneumonia Cases in Singapore — 14 March 2003 (first public notification; 9 cases reported)
Update (III) on Atypical Pneumonia Cases in Singapore — 16 March 2003 (WHO renames disease SARS; 20 cases in Singapore)
Update (XII) on SARS Cases in Singapore — 25 March 2003 (69 cases; all traced to index cases)
SARS: You Can Help By Taking Sensible Precautions — 29 March 2003
Update on SARS — 1 April 2003 (95 cases total; Ngee Ann Polytechnic cluster)
Update on SARS — 3 April 2003
Statement from the Minister for Health: Coping with SARS — 4 April 2003
Update on SARS — 6 April 2003 (SGH Wards 57 & 58 transfer to TTSH)
Update on SARS — 7 April 2003
Update on SARS — 10 April 2003
Update on SARS — 13 April 2003
Update on SARS — 16 April 2003
Update on SARS — 18 April 2003
Statement from the Minister for Health: Health Measures Against SARS Outbreak — 24 April 2003
Update on SARS — 22 April 2003 (Pasir Panjang Wholesale Market cluster)
Update on SARS — 23 April 2003
Update on SARS — 26 April 2003
Update on SARS — 27 April 2003
Update on SARS — 2 May 2003
Update on SARS — 5 May 2003
SARS: No New Probable Case — 12 May 2003
SARS: No New Probable Cases Today — 13 May 2003 (last probable case isolated 11 May 2003)
Update on SARS: 13 June 2003 — (WHO removes Singapore from list of areas with local transmission, 31 May 2003; 169 of 206 cases recovered)

Singapore 2003 — partially archived

Singapore Government SARS Website (sars.gov.sg) ARCHIVE
Straits Times SARS coverage (straitstimes.asia1.com.sg) ARCHIVE

Canada

SARS information — Health Canada FIXED
CBC News FIXED

Canada 2003 coverage — partially restored

The Health Canada 2003 SARS warning series (hc-sc.gc.ca/english/protection/warnings/sars/), the Ontario Ministry of Health SARS update archive, Vancouver Coastal Health, and Toronto Public Health pages from 2003 are all dead. The following live resources replace or supplement them.

Learning from SARS: Renewal of Public Health in Canada — the Naylor Report, October 2003 FIXED (National Advisory Committee on SARS and Public Health; 12 chapters; the definitive Canadian post-outbreak review)
CBC News: B.C. lab cracks suspected SARS code FIXED (Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre sequences SARS-CoV genome, 12 April 2003)
Health Canada: SARS warning series and updates (hc-sc.gc.ca/english/protection/warnings/sars/) ARCHIVE
Ontario Ministry of Health: SARS Update archive (health.gov.on.ca/english/public/updates/archives) ARCHIVE
Vancouver Coastal Health SARS page (vancoastalhealth.ca) ARCHIVE
Toronto Public Health SARS site (city.toronto.on.ca/health) ARCHIVE

Australia

Australian Department of Health FIXED
ABC News FIXED

Australia 2003 updates — partially restored

The original health.gov.au/sars/ sub-pages (sara1.htm through sara43.htm and associated PDF leaflets) are no longer accessible as live pages. The following live resources cover Australia's 2003 response.

Australia’s Regional Response to SARS — Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade FIXED (AUD$1.2 million WHO WPRO contribution; April 2003)
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Surveillance in Australia — Communicable Diseases Intelligence, Vol. 28 No. 2, 2004 FIXED (138 people investigated; 5 probable cases reported to WHO; 17 March – 31 July 2003)
Australia’s Notifiable Diseases Status, 2003: Quarantinable Diseases — Communicable Diseases Intelligence, Vol. 29 No. 1, 2005 FIXED (annual retrospective; SARS declared quarantinable under the Quarantine Act)
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) — Australian Department of Health FIXED (current standing page)
Australian DOH: SARS media updates series — May, April, March 2003 (health.gov.au/sars/sara*.htm) ARCHIVE
Interim Australian Infection Control Guidelines for SARS (PDF) ARCHIVE
Passenger information leaflets — English, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Vietnamese (PDF) ARCHIVE

Malaysia

Ministry of Health, Malaysia (MOH) FIXED
Cybermed: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) — Berita MMA, 2003

Malaysia 2003 coverage — archived

The MOH Malaysia 2003 SARS site (webjka.dph.gov.my/sars) is dead with no successor. The NSTP/NST, The Star, and Bernama 2003 SARS archives are also inaccessible. Malaysia had one confirmed probable SARS death (a pilot, imported case from China) and no sustained local transmission; contemporary academic analysis of the Malaysian response can be found in peer-reviewed literature but the original government and media pages from 2003 have not been preserved online.

MOH Malaysia SARS site (webjka.dph.gov.my/sars) ARCHIVE
NSTP e-Media / New Straits Times SARS coverage (emedia.com.my) ARCHIVE
The Star Online SARS updates (thestar.com.my/SARS) ARCHIVE
Bernama SARS news archive (bernama.com) ARCHIVE

United Kingdom

UK Health Security Agency FIXED (successor to PHLS, which was dissolved in 2003, replaced by HPA, then PHE, now UKHSA)

UK 2003 coverage — archived

The original Public Health Laboratory Service (PHLS) SARS pages (phls.co.uk/topics_az/SARS) are completely gone. The guidance documents listed below were among the most comprehensive published during the outbreak.

PHLS: Case definitions and follow-up procedures; guidance for hospitals, schools, primary care, infection control in the community; travel advice; daily case count ARCHIVE
UK DOH SARS site (doh.gov.uk/sars) ARCHIVE
BBC: Spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome — In Pictures ARCHIVE
News24: SARS Information (news24.com) ARCHIVE

France, Taiwan, New Zealand, Eurosurveillance

Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan FIXED (replaces doh.gov.tw)
Taiwan CDC FIXED
New Zealand Ministry of Health FIXED
Eurosurveillance FIXED

Eurosurveillance: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome — update, 20 March 2003 FIXED (264 cases as of 19 March; modified case definitions; de Benoist & Boccia)

France, New Zealand 2003 coverage — archived

France Ministry of Health — Pneumopathie et Asie du Sud Est (sante.gouv.fr, in French) ARCHIVE
NZ MOH: Questions and Answers about SARS — 24 March 2003; SARS Updates 24, 18, 17 March 2003 ARCHIVE

News online — international media archive (2003)

Individual links to Yahoo, MSNBC, Washington Post, CNN, USA Today, Herald Sun and other media from 2003 no longer resolve. Headlines retained as a record of contemporaneous coverage.

2003 media coverage — archived headlines

Yahoo: WHO trebles SARS death rate as more provinces declared no-go zones (AFP) — 9 May 2003 ARCHIVE
Yahoo: WHO pinpoints SARS virus, reveals true scale of China crisis (AFP) — 17 April 2003 ARCHIVE
Yahoo: Labs close in on deadly SARS virus — WHO (Reuters) — 7 April 2003 ARCHIVE
MSNBC: WHO — SARS outbreak nearly over — 12 June 2003 ARCHIVE
Washington Post: SARS News (wp-dyn/health/conditioncenter/sars) ARCHIVE
CNN Special Report: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (cnn.com/SPECIALS/2003/sars) ARCHIVE
TimesOnline: Surgical masks have little effect against virus (Peter Hodsman, Singapore) — 2 April 2003 ARCHIVE
USA Today: Taiwan SARS mission ends for ill U.S. scientist — 22 May 2003 ARCHIVE
Open Directory Links on SARS (dmoz.org) (Thanks to Aliza R Panitz, Canada) ARCHIVE

Communicable disease control, surveillance and other resources

Globalization, International Law, and Emerging Infectious Diseases — David P. Fidler, J.D. Emerging Infectious Diseases Vol.2, No.2, 1996 FIXED
Guideline for Isolation Precautions in Hospitals — CDC FIXED
Principles of Vaccination — CDC
COVID-19 — Vads Corner
Paramyxoviridae — Vads Corner
H5N1 Avian Influenza — Vads Corner

Dead resource links — retained for the record

National Electronic Telecommunications System for Surveillance (NETSS) (cdc.gov/epo/dphsi/netss.html) ARCHIVE (superseded by NEDSS/NNDSS; see CDC NEDSS page)
Interstate Shipment of Etiologic Agents (cdc.gov/od/ohs/biosfty) ARCHIVE
Glossary of Terms (outbreak.org/cgi-unreg/dynaserve.exe) ARCHIVE

Virology sites

Viruses: From Structure to Biology — Washington University School of Medicine FIXED (Sondra & Milton Schlesinger; Sloan Foundation / American Society for Virology; historical virology resource)
Institute for Molecular Virology — University of Wisconsin–Madison FIXED

Medline search, medical journals and search engines

PubMed (NLM) — search for relevant articles directly.
Medline Search Sites — Vads Corner
Medical Journal Sites — Vads Corner
Google News — search SARS, coronavirus

First posted 18 March 2003 · Last updated 16 July 2025 · Comprehensively revised 9 September 2026
Disclaimer · cyberdoc@vadscorner.com · View original 2003–2025 page