Nipah Virus - Paramyxoviridae
| This page is dedicated to Paramyxoviridae including Nipah Virus, Hendra Virus, Equine Morbillivirus(EMV), Lyssavirus and Menangle virus. For information on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) click on hyperlink.
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First up in 17 March 1999.
Last Updated 30th Jan 2026.
Resource Sites:
Updates- When available
- WHO
- Disease outbreaks reported
- Hendra-like virus (Nipah virus) in Malaysia - Update (15 April 1999)
- Hendra-like virus in Malaysia and Singapore (7 April 1999)
- Epidemic Encephalitis in Malaysia (26 March 1999)
- Japanese Encephalitis and Hendra-like Virus in Malaysia (22 March 1999)
- ProMED-mail electronic conference
- Query Paramyxovirus
- Query Nipah virus (links below have changed but a search for "Nipah" should find it)
- 21 May 2018 Nipah virus - India (02): (KL) conf
- 21 May 2018 Nipah virus - India: (KL) susp
- Nipah virus, reservoir (02) (15August 2000)
- Nipah virus, rationale for culling pigs: comment (3 August 2000)
- Nipah virus, rationale for culling pigs (30 July 2000)
- Nipah virus - Malaysia (Sarawak) (03) (22 July 2000)
- Nipah virus - Malaysia (Sarawak): comment (10 July 2000)
- Nipah virus, vaccine need: comment (7 July 2000)
- Nipah virus - Malaysia (Sarawak) (7 July 2000)
- Nipah virus, vaccine need (3 July 2000)
- Nipah virus, antibody, pigs - Malaysia: OIE confirmed (2 July 2000)
- Nipah virus, antibody, pigs - Malaysia (03) (1 July 2000)
- Nipah virus, pigs - Malaysia (02) (1 July 2000)
- Nipah virus, reservoir (24 June 2000)
- Nipah virus, antibody, pigs - Malaysia (24 June 2000)
- Nipah virus, pigs - Malaysia (19 June 2000)
- Nipah virus - Malaysia (22) (24 October 1999)
- Paramyxovirus, bat urine - Malaysia (23 October 1999)
- Nipah virus - Malaysia (21) (7 September 1999)
- Nipah virus - Malaysia- lab identification (31 July 1999)
- Nipah virus - Malaysia- clinical & pathology (31 July 1999)
- Nipah virus - Malaysia (20) (31 July 1999)
- Nipah virus - Malaysia (19)(28 July 1999)
- Nipah virus - Malaysia (18) (11 July 1999)
- Nipah virus, pigs - Malaysia (14) (7 July 1999)
- Nipah virus - Malaysia (17) (30 June 1999)
- Nipah virus, pigs - Malaysia (13) (18 June 1999)
- Nipah virus - Malaysia- official report (6 June 1999)
- Nipah virus - Malaysia (16) (6 June 1999)
- Nipah virus, pigs - Malaysia (Penang) (23 May 1999)
- Nipah virus, dogs - Malaysia (04) (23 May 1999)
- Nipah virus, more infected pigs expected - Malaysia (22 May 1999)
- Nipah virus, remote infections - Malaysia (21 May 1999)
- Nipah virus, fruit bat reservoir- - Malaysia (21 May 1999)
- Nipah virus, nationwide sampling - Malaysia (21 May 1999)
- Nipah virus, Australian TV report (22 May 1999)
- Nipah virus, pigs - Malaysia (11) (19 May 1999)
- Nipah virus, dogs - Malaysia (03) (19 May 1999)
- Nipah virus - Malaysia (14): Disclaimer (19 May 1999)
- Nipah virus, pigs - Malaysia (10) (18 May 1999)
- Nipah virus - Malaysia (14)(13 May 1999)
- Nipah virus - Malaysia (13) (8 May 1999)
- Nipah virus, pigs - Malaysia (08) (8 May 1999)
- Nipah virus - Malaysia (12) (4 May 1999)
- Nipah virus - Malaysia (11) (1 May 1999)
- Nipah virus - Malaysia (08) (25 April 1999)
- Nipah virus - Malaysia (07) (25 April 1999)
- Nipah virus - Malaysia (06) (23 April 1999)
- Nipah virus, pigs - Malaysia (02) (16 April 1999)
- Nipah virus (Hendra-like) prevention - Malaysia- horses (02) (16 April 1999)
- Nipah virus, natural history (16 April 1999)
- Nipah virus - Malaysia (15 April 1999)
- Nipah (Hendra-like) virus - Malaysia (04) (14 April 1999)
- Nipah virus (Hendra-like) - Malaysia (03) (14 April 1999)
- Nipah virus (Hendra-like), natural history (12 April 1999)
- Nipah virus - Malaysia- unnatural event (11 April 1999)
- Nipah virus (Hendra-like) - Malaysia (10 April 1999)
- Query Hendra-like virus (links below have changed but a search for "Hendra" should find it)
- Nipah virus (Hendra-like) prevention - Malaysia- horses (10 April 1999)
- Hendra-like virus - Malaysia (21) (8 April 1999)
- Hendra-like virus - Malaysia (17) (3 April 1999)
- Hendra-like virus - Singapore (04) (1 April 1999)
- Hendra-like virus - Malaysia, Singapore- Fact sheet (02) (31 March 1999)
- Hendra-like virus - Singapore (03) (31 March 1999)
- Hendra-like virus - Malaysia (14) (30 March 1999)
- Hendra-like virus- - Malaysia (10) (27 March 1999)
- Hendra-like virus? - Malaysia (07) (anecdotal info on the disease in pigs) (23 March 1999)
- Hendra-like virus- - Malaysia (06) (23 March 1999)
- Hendra-like virus- - Malaysia (05) (22 March 1999)
- Hendra-like virus- - Malaysia (04) (21 March 1999)
- Hendra-like virus? - Malaysia (03) (20 March 1999)
- Hendra virus - Malaysia, Singapore: Fact sheet (19 March 1999)
- Hendra-like virus - Malaysia, Singapore (02)(19 March 1999)
- Query Equine Morbillivirus
- Query Menangle virus
- Query Lyssavirus
- Query Tioman virus
- Tioman virus, a novel bat rubulavirus (17 October 2000)
- APEC - APEC EINet News Briefs (All links removed)
- Vol. III, No. 8 ~ EINet News Briefs ~ June 9, 2000
- NIPAH VIRUS IDENTIFIED AS A NEW GENUS OF VIRUSES
- Vol. II, No. 10, EINet News Briefs ,May. 18, 1999
- Vol. II, No. 09, EINet News Briefs ,May. 04, 1999
- Vol. II, No. 08, EINet News Briefs ,Apr. 20, 1999
- Vol. II, No. 07, EINet News Briefs ,Apr. 06, 1999
- Vol. II, No. 06, EINet News Briefs ,Mar. 24, 1999
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Department Of Veterinary Services Malaysia
- Nipah Virus
- Press statement by Dato' Dr. Mohd Nordin (20 April 1999)
- Details of the surveillance programme (20 April 1999)
- Emergency Report to the OIE ( May 28, 1999 )
- Nipah Virus Infection of Pigs in Peninsular Malaysia - report submitted to the OIE Chapter of Scientific and Technical Review ( August 8, 1999 )
- Nipah Virus Disease in Peninsular Malaysia, - Continuation of the surveillance programme Disease Information, OIE, Vol 13 No 12 ( March 31, 2000 )
- Outbreak - A Forum on Fatal Viruses in Malaysia Main news headlines condensed for easy reading.
New Paramyxovirus Discovered - Nipah Virus (Virus named in Seremban G.H. by Minister of Health) 10 April 1999
Paramyxovirus Related Information
-
The Big Picture Book of Viruses
-
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases - Emerging Infectious Diseases Search Results List for Paramyxoviruses
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The Lancet Interactive - Fatal encephalitis due to novel paramyxovirus transmitted from horses [Medline]
-
Emerging Infectious Diseases
- Emerging Viral Diseases of Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific; J.S. Mackenzie et al. Vol. 7, No. 3 Supplement Jun 2001.
-
Nipah Virus Infection Among Military Personnel Involved in Pig Culling during an Outbreak of Encephalitis in Malaysia, 1998-1999; Letter - Vol. 7, No. 4; Jul–Aug 2001 
-
Emerging Viral Diseases: An Australian Perspective - Vol 5 No 1 January-March 1999
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Vol 4 No.2; April-June 1998 issue
- An Apparently New Virus (Family Paramyxoviridae) Infectious for Pigs, Humans, and Fruit Bats. A.W. Philbey, P.D. Kirkland, A.D. Ross, R.J. Davis, A.B. Gleeson, R.J. Love, A.R. Gould, P.W. Daniels, and A.D. Hyatt
- Probable Human Infection with a Newly Described Virus in the Family Paramyxoviridae. K. Chant, R.Chan, M.Smith, D.E Dwyer, P. Kirkland, and the NSW Expert Group
- Vol 2 No.4; October-December 1996 issue
- Vol 2 No.3; July-September 1996 issue
- Vol 2 No.1; January - March 1996 issue
- Vol 1 No.1; January - March 1995 issue
- Communicable Diseases - Australia
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory
- Animal Health News October 2000
- MALAYSIAN COLLABORATION UNMASKS NEW VIRUS - Tioman Virus (October 2000)
- Fighting Nipah virus
- Human monoclonal antibodies against lethal Nipah virus (3 Nov 2009)
- Nipah knowledge in Science (26 May 2000)
- Treating deadly viruses (7 Jan 2000)
- Australians help solve virus puzzle (09 August 1999)
- Australians in Malaysian virus fight (13 May 1999)
- Hendra Virus - Solving the Horse virus mystery
- Australian Bat Lyssavirus
- Journal of Virology, November 2000, p. 9972-9979, Vol. 74, No. 21;The Exceptionally Large Genome of Hendra Virus: Support for Creation of a New Genus within the Family Paramyxoviridae ; (Abstract) Lin-Fa Wang,* Meng Yu, Eric Hansson, L. Ian Pritchard, Brian Shiell, Wojtek P. Michalski, and Bryan T. Eaton
- Morbillivirus
- Virus databases on-line
- Paramyxovirus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
News Online (some links may not work after a few days)
The Hindu, India
Nipah virus infection: death toll in Kerala rises to 11, 2 persons critical (May 22 and Updated May 23, 2018) 
High alert after three deaths due to fever (May19 and Updated May 23, 2018)
Indian Express, India
Kozhikode: 11 die of suspected Nipah virus infection, medical officials say no need to panic (May 23, 2018)
The Star Online Malaysia.
Search Nipah related news (Some links down)
Profile of a virus
Nipah in the wilderness
Living with the unknown 
Chronology of events
Crucial test results from sixth pig farm (22 July 2000)
UM to start Nipah virus research (2 July 2000)
Five pig farms quarantined (1 July 2000)
Tajol Rosli: We'll compensate pig farmers (22 June 2000)
Fresh pork only on alternate days now (22 June 2000)
Steps taken to stop virus outbreak, says Pak Lah (21 June 2000)
Woman with Nipah virus an old case (18 June 2000)
Dept begins culling of pigs in Gopeng (17 June 2000)
Search JE related news (Some links down)
Viral Outbreak:Advice / Precautionary Measures To Farmers And Farm Workers
Nipah virus (11 April 1999)
Singapore abattoir workers also affected by virus (31 March 1999)
Second virus (20 March 1999)
Fund set up (21 March 1999)
Problems hamper culling operation (21 March 1999)
New Straits Times Interactive, Malaysia (Links down)
Killer virus named after Kampung Baru Sungai Nipah (11 April 1999; New Sunday Times)
Nipah virus discovered in only four months (11 April 1999; New Sunday Times)
New virus strain discovered (20 March 1999)
Fund to help JE victims (21 March 1999)
Play it safe against new virus (22 March 1999)
Culling goes on as US disease control team leader arrives (23 March 1999)
Donations pour in, new drug is used (24 March 1999)
Bernama, Malaysia(Links down)
EXTRA PRECAUTION TO CONTAIN HENDRA-LIKE VIRUS (26 March 1999)
NEW VIRUS RELATED TO "HENDRA" DETECTED (20 March 1999)
ALL MEDICINE BEING USED TO TREAT JE PATIENTS (23 March 1999)
JE DEATH TOLL RISES TO 58 (24 March 1999)
DPM TO HEAD JE TASK FORCE (24 March 1999)
NEARLY 30,000 PIGS CULLED SINCE MARCH 4 (24 March 1999)
Utusan Online
The Straits Times Interactive, Singapore.(Links down)
Malaysia finds second deadly virus (20 March 1999)
Spread of pig virus halted, says PPD (24 March 1999)
BBC - World - Asia-Pacific - Health
Bats blamed for disease outbreak (19 May 1999)
More Malaysian pigs to be culled (7 May 1999)
Dog slaughter follows pig cull (20 April 1999)
Malaysian pig cull extended (28 March 1999)
Malaysia virus confusion (26 March 1999)
Pig slaughter begins in Malaysia (21 March 1999)
CNN - CNN World News - Asia-Pacific - CNN Health (Links down)
Rare killer virus infects pigs in a new area of Malaysia - May 9, 1999
Rare killer virus infects pigs in a new area of Malaysia - May 7, 1999
U.S. scientists search for origins of deadly Malaysian virus - May 3, 1999
CDC puts death toll for Malaysia pig virus at 117 - April 8, 1999
Vaccination of pigs halted as fear of second virus spreads (26 March 1999)
Malaysia gets U.S. help with virus outbreak (22 March 1999)
Malaysian pig farmers slaughter hogs to contain deadly virus (23 March 1999)
Malaysia orders residents out of virus zone (24 March 1999)
Associated Press
The Boston Globe's boston.com
Malaysia's killer virus first of its kind (8 April 1999)
Asiaweek - Malaysia battles to contain a virus spread from infected pigs as fear strikes its farms and villages - April 2, 1999
Time Asia - Hog Hell - APRIL 5, 1999 VOL. 153 NO. 13
ABC Foreign Correspondent - Malaysia: Pig Virus (18 May 1999)
The New York Times
Killer Virus Is Linked to Asian Flying Foxes (15 Aug 2000)
Related Articles
Possible Management and Guidelines
MEDLINE abstracts (NLM PubMed).
Source: National Center For National Biotechnology Information(NCBI). When you read the MEDLINE (NLM PubMed) abstract click on Links: Related Articles. Please click Search below for latest articles in Medline.
Search
- A survey of Nipah virus infection among various risk groups in Singapore.Epidemiol Infect. 2001 Feb;128(1):93-8. Chan K P, Rollin P E, Ksiazek T G, Leo Y S, Goh K T, Paton N I, Sng E H, Ling A E..[Medline]
- Isolation of Nipah virus from Malaysian Island flying-foxes.Microbes Infect 2002 Feb;4(2):145-51;Chua KB, Lek Koh C, Hooi PS, Wee KF, Khong JH, Chua BH, Chan YP, Lim ME, Lam SK.[Medline]
- Nipah encephalitis outbreak in Malaysia, clinical features in patients from Seremban. Can J Neurol Sci. 2002 Feb;29(1):83-7. Chong HT, Kunjapan SR, Thayaparan T, Tong J, Petharunam V, Jusoh MR, Tan CT [Medline]
- Nipah virus encephalitis: serial MR study of an emerging disease.Radiology. 2002 Jan;222(1):219-26. Lim CC, Lee KE, Lee WL, Tambyah PA, Lee CC, Sitoh YY, Auchus AP, Lin BK, Hui F.[Medline]
- Nipah virus infection among abattoir workers in Malaysia, 1998-1999.Int J Epidemiol. 2001 Oct;30(5):1017-20. Sahani M, Parashar UD, Ali R, Das P, Lye MS, Isa MM, Arif MT, Ksiazek TG, Sivamoorthy M; Nipah Encephalitis Outbreak Investigation Group.[Medline]
- Complete nucleotide sequences of Nipah virus isolates from Malaysia.J Gen Virol. 2001 Sep;82(Pt 9):2151-5.Chan YP, Chua KB, Koh CL, Lim ME, Lam SK [Medline]
- Molecular characterization of the polymerase gene and genomic termini of Nipah virus.Virology. 2001 Aug 15;287(1):192-201.Harcourt BH, Tamin A, Halpin K, Ksiazek TG, Rollin PE, Bellini WJ, Rota PA.[Medline]
- Treatment of acute nipah encephalitis with ribavirin.Ann Neurol. 2001 Jun;49(6):810-3.Chong HT, Kamarulzaman A, Tan CT, Goh KJ, Thayaparan T, Kunjapan SR, Chew NK, Chua KB, Lam SK.[Medline]
- Nipah virus infection in bats (order chiroptera) in peninsular malaysia.Emerg Infect Dis. 2001 May-Jun;7(3):439-41.Yob JM, Field H, Rashdi AM, van Der Heide B, Rota P, bin Adzhar A, White J, Daniels P, Jamaluddin A, Ksiazek T.[Medline]
- Tioman virus, a novel paramyxovirus isolated from fruit bats in Malaysia.Virology. 2001 May 10;283(2):215-29.Chua KB, Wang LF, Lam SK, Crameri G, Yu M, Wise T, Boyle D, Hyatt AD, Eaton BT.[Medline]
- Comparative pathology of the diseases caused by Hendra and Nipah viruses.Microbes Infect. 2001 Apr;3(4):315-22. Hooper P, Zaki S, Daniels P, Middleton D.[Medline]
- The natural history of Hendra and Nipah viruses.Field H, Young P, Yob JM, Mills J, Hall L, Mackenzie J.[Medline]
- Laboratory diagnosis of Nipahand Hendra virus infections.Microbes Infect. 2001 Apr;3(4):289-95. Daniels P, Ksiazek T, Eaton BT.[Medline]
- The Presence of Nipah Virus in Respiratory Secretions and Urine of Patients during an Outbreak of Nipah Virus Encephalitis in Malaysia.J Infect. 2001 Jan;42(1):40-3.Chua KB, Lam SK, Goh KJ, Hooi PS, Ksiazek TG, Kamarulzaman A, Olson J, Tan CT. [Medline]
- A cohort study of health care workers to assess nosocomial transmissibility of Nipah virus, malaysia, 1999.J Infect Dis. 2001 Mar 1;183(5):810-3.[Medline]
- High mortality in Nipah encephalitis is associated with presence of virus in cerebrospinal fluid.Ann Neurol. 2000 Nov;48(5):802-5.Chua KB, Lam SK, Tan CT, Hooi PS, Goh KJ, Chew NK, Tan KS, Kamarulzaman A, Wong KT.[Medline]
- Emerging and re-emerging epidemic encephalitis: a tale of two viruses.Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2000 Aug;26(4):313-8.Wong KT.[Medline]
- MR imaging features of Nipah encephalitis.AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000 Aug;175(2):437-42. Sarji SA, Abdullah BJ, Goh KJ, Tan CT, Wong KT.[Medline]
- Nipah virus: a recently emergent deadly paramyxovirus. Science. 2000 May 26;288(5470):1432-5.Chua KB, Bellini WJ, Rota PA, Harcourt BH, Tamin A, Lam SK, Ksiazek TG, Rollin PE, Zaki SR, Shieh W, Goldsmith CS, Gubler DJ, Roehrig JT, Eaton B, Gould AR, Olson J, Field H, Daniels P, Ling AE, Peters CJ, Anderson LJ, Mahy BW. [Medline]
- Risk Factors for Nipah Virus Infection among Abattoir Workers in Singapore.J Infect Dis. 2000 May;181(5):1760-1763. Chew MH, Arguin PM, Shay DK, Goh KT, Rollin PE, Shieh WJ, Zaki SR, Rota PA, Ling AE, Ksiazek TG, Chew SK, Anderson LJ. [Medline]
- Case-Control Study of Risk Factors for Human Infection with a New Zoonotic Paramyxovirus, Nipah Virus, during a 1998-1999 Outbreak of Severe Encephalitis in Malaysia. J Infect Dis. 2000 May;181(5):1755-1759. Parashar UD, Sunn LM, Ong F, Mounts AW, Arif MT, Ksiazek TG, Kamaluddin MA, Mustafa AN, Kaur H, Ding LM, Othman G, Radzi HM, Kitsutani PT, Stockton PC, Arokiasamy J, Gary Jr HE, Anderson LJ. [Medline]
- Clinical features of Nipah virus encephalitis among pig farmers in Malaysia.N Engl J Med. 2000 Apr 27;342(17):1229-35. Goh KJ, Tan CT, Chew NK, Tan PS, Kamarulzaman A, Sarji SA, Wong KT, Abdullah BJ, Chua KB, Lam SK [Medline]
- Nipah viral encephalitis or Japanese encephalitis? MR findings in a new zoonotic disease.AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2000 Mar;21(3):455-61. Lim CC, Sitoh YY, Hui F, Lee KE, Ang BS, Lim E, Lim WE, Oh HM, Tambyah PA, Wong JS, Tan CB, Chee TS [Medline]
- Fatal encephalitis due to Nipah virus among pig-farmers in Malaysia.Lancet. 1999 Oct 9;354(9186):1257-9. Chua KB, Goh KJ, Wong KT, Kamarulzaman A, Tan PS, Ksiazek TG, Zaki SR, Paul G, Lam SK, Tan CT [Medline]
- Outbreak of Nipah-virus infection among abattoir workers in Singapore.Lancet. 1999 Oct 9;354(9186):1253-6. Paton NI, Leo YS, Zaki SR, Auchus AP, Lee KE, Ling AE, Chew SK, Ang B, Rollin PE, Umapathi T, Sng I, Lee CC, Lim E, Ksiazek TG [Medline]
- A morbillivirus that caused fatal disease in horses and humans. Murray K, Selleck P, Hooper P, Hyatt A, Gould A, Gleeson L, et al. Science 1995;268:94-7.[Medline]
- Fatal encephalitis due to novel paramyxovirus transmitted from horses. O'Sullivan JB, Allworth AM, Paterson DL, Snow TM, Boots R, Gleeson LJ, et al. Lancet 1997;349:93-5. [Medline]
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First up in 17 March 1999.
Last Updated 30th Jan 2026.
